Ludwig van Beethoven
(1770-1827)
Symphony No.3 in E flat, Op.55
Eroica
Allegro con brio
Marcia funebre (Adagio assai)
Scherzo (Allegro vivace)
Finale (Allegro molto)As is the case with the First and Second, Beethoven’s composing score for the Third Symphony has disappeared. However, circumstantial evidence suggests he finished it during the Vienna winter of 1803-04, at around the same time he was working on his massive Waldstein Piano Sonata, Op.53, whose opening Allegro shares with the Third’s the added direction ‘con brio’ (with vigour). In size and scale, the Third epitomised the major advances he had made since even his recent Second Symphony, audibly obvious in the enhanced listening span he sets his audience, in his deployment of such attention-commanding themes, and in his pursuit of a more distinctive and sonorous orchestral mix. And in the summer of 1804, one of his patrons, Prince Joseph Lobkowitz, allowed him the almost unheard-of luxury of being able to trial the score while he was still revising it, in a series of private rehearsals, with an orchestra of some 27 or 28 players, in Lobkowitz’s Vienna palace. Later the Prince also paid Beethoven a hefty gratuity for the honour of having the name Lobkowitz appear as dedicatee on the title-page of the printed edition. In this respect at least, Joseph Lobkowitz was ultimately the Third’s hero.
In early 1804, however, Beethoven was still intending to dedicate it to Napoleon Bonaparte, the great political reformer and egalitarian. But when, late that year, Napoleon renounced democracy and proclaimed himself emperor of France, Beethoven reportedly flew into a rage, and correctly predicted his former idol would ‘trample on human rights, and become a tyrant’. Even in disappointment, Beethoven still wanted to call it the ‘Bonaparte Symphony’, though by the time he corrected a new fair copy to send to his publisher in 1806 he had settled on Sinfonia Eroica (Heroic), with the regretful subtitle: ‘to the memory of a great man’.
In November 1805 Napoleon’s army had marched into Vienna largely uncontested, but unwelcome enough to make locals stay away from the premiere season of the first version of Beethoven’s opera
Fidelio, leaving mainly French officers to make up his small audience. During Napoleon’s second occupation of the city in 1809, the noise of bombardment so affected the hearing-impaired Beethoven that he retreated to a basement to protect his ears. Before the Battle of Waterloo brought the warlord’s reign of terror to an end in 1815, Beethoven celebrated the Napoleonic armies’ defeat in Spain in 1813 with his short ‘battle symphony’,
Wellington’s Victory, and organised the patriotic concert at which it and his Seventh Symphony were premiered to raise funds for Austrian soldiers wounded expelling the French from Germany. But time again altered his perceptions; Beethoven later told Carl Czerny, ‘I used to detest Napoleon, now I think quite differently.’ And on hearing of Napoleon’s death in 1821, Beethoven remarked he had already composed the music for the ‘sad event’ in this symphony’s Funeral March.
According to his self-appointed secretary Anton Schindler, Beethoven intended the Symphony No.3 ‘to portray the workings of Napoleon’s extraordinary mind’. In the opening Allegro, the titanic main theme has been interpreted as representing ‘Napoleon’s determined, questing character’. In the funeral march, though the shadow of Death temporarily encompasses him, in the midst of mourning a new major-key theme signifies a rising star of hope, before the music returns to the graveside, muffled drumrolls, and a farewell volley faintly echoed. In stark contrast, the motoric Scherzo overflows with an abundance of energy. The finale consists of a simple country dance tune with
variations that build strategically in intensity and complexity toward a blazing orchestral rout that – forget Napoleon – no one but Beethoven could have imagined!
Graeme Skinner © 2014
First performance:
7 April 1805, Vienna. Beethoven, conductor.
First WASO performance:
23 July 1949. Henry Krips, conductor.
Most recent WASO performance:
11-12 October 2019. Douglas Boyd, conductor.
Instrumentation:
two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, three horns, two trumpets, timpani and strings.